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Volume 14: Number 1: Article 3
Protection of Mice from Tularemia Infection with Ultra-Low, Serial Agitated Dilutions Prepared from F. tularensis-Infected Tissue
Wayne B. Jonas, Department of Family Practice, Uniformed Services
University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
Debra K. Dillner, The Department of Biochemistry, United
States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD
Reports of immunomodulation with serial agitated dilutions (SADs) of
cytokines, hormones, minerals, and whole tissue led to this inquiry
as to whether exposure to a complex SAD preparation produced from F.
tularensis-infected mice could alter the immune response and the effects
of subsequent challenge with this pathogen in vivo. Six SAD preparations
of reticuloendothelial tissue from F. tularensis-infected C3H/HeN mice
were produced through a process of serial log10 and log100 dilutions
in 70% ethanol interspersed with 30-second agitation. SAD preparations
were analyzed for protein content and for contamination with 1H-NMR
spectroscopy. Three preparations contained detectable protein by Lowry
and NMR analysis and three were diluted beyond detection of protein.
These preparations were administered orally for one month to 147 animals
randomly assigned to SAD or dilutent control groups. All animals were
then challenged with a lethal dose (LD50 or LD75) of F. tularensis and
evaluated for time to death and total mortality. In a series of 15 trials,
the SAD preparations consistently produced increased mean times to death
(MTD) [MTD SAD=18.6 days (range, 12.9-25.6); MTD controls=13.7 days
(range, 11.6-15.6)], and decreased mortality (SAD: 53%; control: 75%)
when compared to matched control groups given the dilutent only. Protection
was not related to the level of dilution, the number of times vortexed,
or the presence or absence of original substance from the tissue. Active
and inactive solutions could be distinguished from one another using
1H NMR-spectroscopy. Two preparations induced specific anti-tularemia
IgG antibody production prior to challenge. This anomalous finding needs
independent repetition and further investigation.
Keywords: homeopathy, nosodes, tularemia, animal model, immunology,
vaccination, ultra-low dilutions, SADs
FULL TEXT:
Protection of Mice from Tularemia Infection with Ultra-Low, Serial Agitated Dilutions Prepared from F. tularensis-Infected Tissue
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